Pine Bark Extract (Pycnogenol) for Cognitive Function

Research suggests that Pycnogenol may support cognitive function, attention, memory, and mood in healthy middle-aged and older adults, with studies also noting reductions in oxidative stress as a potential contributing mechanism. The available evidence comes from one narrative review and two open-label registry studies rather than rigorously blinded randomized controlled trials, and all findings point in a supportive direction. However, the registry studies carry notable limitations, including self-selection into supplement groups and the absence of blinding, which means participant expectations and other lifestyle factors cannot be ruled out as explanations for the observed improvements. Overall, while the existing research is consistently positive in direction, the methodological limitations mean stronger, well-controlled trials would be needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.